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<blockquote data-quote="WVUALLEN" data-source="post: 132441315" data-attributes="member: 1112294"><p>All true statements Bell</p><p></p><h2>Stages of the Addiction Cycle</h2><p></p><p>Addiction can be framed as a repeating cycle, with three stages. Each stage is linked to and feeds on the others. These stages primarily involve three domains: incentive salience, negative emotional states, and executive function. The domains are reflected in three key regions of the brain: the basal ganglia, the extended amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex, respectively. A person may go through this three-stage cycle over the course of weeks or months, or progress through it several times in a day.3,4,5 Note also that a person can enter the cycle of addiction at any one of the following stages:</p><p></p><p></p><p><strong>1. Binge/Intoxication Stage: reward, incentive salience, and pathological habits</strong></p><p></p><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">During this stage, a person experiences the rewarding effects of alcohol, such as euphoria, the reduction of anxiety, and the easing of social interactions.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Repeated activation of the basal ganglia’s reward system reinforces alcohol drinking behavior, increasing the likelihood of repeated consumption. The basal ganglia play an important role in motivation as well as in the formation of habits and other routine behaviors.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">This repeated activation of the basal ganglia also ultimately triggers changes in the way a person responds to stimuli associated with drinking alcohol, such as specific people, places, or alcohol-associated cues such as certain glassware or images or descriptions of drinking. Over time, these stimuli can trigger powerful urges to drink alcohol.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Repeated alcohol consumption also results in changes in the basal ganglia that lead to habit formation, ultimately contributing to compulsive use.</li> </ul><p><strong>2. Negative Affect/Withdrawal Stage: reward deficits and stress surfeit</strong></p><p></p><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">When a person who is addicted to alcohol stops drinking, they experience withdrawal symptoms—or symptoms that are opposite to the positive effects of alcohol that are experienced when drinking it. These symptoms can be physical (sleep disturbances, pain, feelings of illness) and emotional (dysphoria, irritability, anxiety, and emotional pain).</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">The negative feelings associated with alcohol withdrawal are thought to come from two sources. First, a diminished activation in the reward systems—or a reward deficit—of the basal ganglia makes it difficult for people to experience the pleasures of everyday living. Second, an increased activation of the brain’s stress systems—or a stress surfeit—in the extended amygdala contributes to anxiety, irritability, and unease.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">At this stage, the person no longer drinks alcohol for the pleasurable effects (“high”), but rather to escape the “low” feelings to which chronic alcohol misuse has contributed.</li> </ul><p><strong>3. Preoccupation/Anticipation Stage: craving, impulsivity, and executive function</strong></p><p></p><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">This is the stage at which an individual seeks alcohol again after a period of abstinence. A person becomes preoccupied with alcohol and how to get more of it, and looks forward to the next time he or she will consume it.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">The prefrontal cortex—an area of the brain responsible for executive function, including the ability to organize thoughts and activities, prioritize tasks, manage time, and make decisions—is compromised in people experiencing alcohol addiction. As a result, this area of the brain plays a key role in this stage.</li> </ul><p>[URL unfurl="true"]https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/cycle-alcohol-addiction[/URL]</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="WVUALLEN, post: 132441315, member: 1112294"] All true statements Bell [HEADING=1]Stages of the Addiction Cycle[/HEADING] Addiction can be framed as a repeating cycle, with three stages. Each stage is linked to and feeds on the others. These stages primarily involve three domains: incentive salience, negative emotional states, and executive function. The domains are reflected in three key regions of the brain: the basal ganglia, the extended amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex, respectively. A person may go through this three-stage cycle over the course of weeks or months, or progress through it several times in a day.3,4,5 Note also that a person can enter the cycle of addiction at any one of the following stages: [B]1. Binge/Intoxication Stage: reward, incentive salience, and pathological habits[/B] [LIST] [*]During this stage, a person experiences the rewarding effects of alcohol, such as euphoria, the reduction of anxiety, and the easing of social interactions. [*] [*]Repeated activation of the basal ganglia’s reward system reinforces alcohol drinking behavior, increasing the likelihood of repeated consumption. The basal ganglia play an important role in motivation as well as in the formation of habits and other routine behaviors. [*] [*]This repeated activation of the basal ganglia also ultimately triggers changes in the way a person responds to stimuli associated with drinking alcohol, such as specific people, places, or alcohol-associated cues such as certain glassware or images or descriptions of drinking. Over time, these stimuli can trigger powerful urges to drink alcohol. [*] [*]Repeated alcohol consumption also results in changes in the basal ganglia that lead to habit formation, ultimately contributing to compulsive use. [/LIST] [B]2. Negative Affect/Withdrawal Stage: reward deficits and stress surfeit[/B] [LIST] [*]When a person who is addicted to alcohol stops drinking, they experience withdrawal symptoms—or symptoms that are opposite to the positive effects of alcohol that are experienced when drinking it. These symptoms can be physical (sleep disturbances, pain, feelings of illness) and emotional (dysphoria, irritability, anxiety, and emotional pain). [*] [*]The negative feelings associated with alcohol withdrawal are thought to come from two sources. First, a diminished activation in the reward systems—or a reward deficit—of the basal ganglia makes it difficult for people to experience the pleasures of everyday living. Second, an increased activation of the brain’s stress systems—or a stress surfeit—in the extended amygdala contributes to anxiety, irritability, and unease. [*] [*]At this stage, the person no longer drinks alcohol for the pleasurable effects (“high”), but rather to escape the “low” feelings to which chronic alcohol misuse has contributed. [/LIST] [B]3. Preoccupation/Anticipation Stage: craving, impulsivity, and executive function[/B] [LIST] [*]This is the stage at which an individual seeks alcohol again after a period of abstinence. A person becomes preoccupied with alcohol and how to get more of it, and looks forward to the next time he or she will consume it. [*] [*]The prefrontal cortex—an area of the brain responsible for executive function, including the ability to organize thoughts and activities, prioritize tasks, manage time, and make decisions—is compromised in people experiencing alcohol addiction. As a result, this area of the brain plays a key role in this stage. [/LIST] [URL unfurl="true"]https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/cycle-alcohol-addiction[/URL] [/QUOTE]
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