A few questions to ask here. Does your company have an annual review cycle? Are you close to the annual review? Do you get to provide contributions for your review? Does your immediate manager make the decisions on who gets raises and how much? What has your previous history of raises been?
If your company has an annual review cycle, then make sure you take advantage of it as much as possible. If you get to make contributions for it (e.g. self appraisal, list out your goals for the year, etc.), then forcefully state your contributions with quantities and in the language your business uses. "Captured four new customers leading to $5 million in new sales with a profit of $800,000" sounds better than "I developed a lot of new business." A lot of your coworkers hate doing these self-appraisals because it's another piece of paperwork, but in reality it is your main way of stating your case for a raise. Also state how that performance fits into your goals for the next year, e.g. "Cultivate relationships with existing and new customers to make $7 million in sales" or "Make inroads into selling our product to Apple, Amazon, and Google" versus "Develop new business". If you don't get to state this but your company has a review cycle, tell your manager what you want said in your review. This is psychologically easier if your manager does not directly control your raise. And whether or not your manager controls your raise, you're helping your boss out by telling him what you want said because doing reviews is yet another stack of paperwork for the manager to do.
If you're close to the annual review, follow that above. If reviews just passed, what you do next depends on history. If you have been getting good and steady raises (average of 5%+ over the previous 3 years is what I define as pretty good at a single company without a promotion) then it may not be advisable to ask for a raise. But since you're asking the question, you probably haven't been getting these raises. If the raise was what amounts to a cost of living adjustment (~2%), then schedule a meeting with your manager and tell him that the raise you received is not commensurate with your performance. You should have cold hard data to back up your statements. Use emotion sparingly (or not at all) in your argument. Don't say "I don't feel this was a good raise" because, frankly, your boss doesn't care how you feel.
If you are absolutely killing it, then asking for a promotion may be a better route. Ask your manager how you can help the company even more. Part of this involves a bit of delayed gratification. There's not guarantee you get more money with increased duties.
If your company gives bonuses, determine when the bonus cycle is and make similar concerns known. Bonuses tend to have much wider differences between similar coworkers. You might be making only $5k more (or less) per year than your less productive coworker, but if you can get $10k+ in bonuses, you'll make up for it quickly. Companies also like it because they can immediately reward good performance without committing to years worth of raises. From their perspective, a justified $30k bonus one year could be better than a $10k raise because you might not perform as well (but definitely good enough to keep your job) over the next several years. Bonus compensation also tends to be kept in separate databases, so even if you were to accidentally get a glimpse of someone else's salary (or pay stub), you won't see the bonus. The much better compensated coworker would appear to be making on par with what you make.
Also, look at your general role in the company. At a high level, everyone in the company is either a profit center (sales, product development) or a cost center (IT, technical support). Generally it's better to be in a profit center, because even great performance in a cost center doesn't get much reward ("I saved the company $800,000 last year" is as good as $800,000 in profit in net terms, but management doesn't process it that way because the cost centers are supposed to cut costs without reward**). If you are in a cost center job, consider moving to a division or company where it becomes a profit center, otherwise you will never get great raises. An accountant in an accounting firm is a profit center, while an accountant at an electronics manufacturer is a cost center. I'll let you guess which one is most likely to have an accountant as the best paid employee.