What I'd really like to see, is some healthcare plan reward the people who take the time and resources to take care of themselves, driving down the cost of healthcare for everyone else. The most I've ever seen is some Northeast Health Insurers give out up to $300 in gift cards/year if you did online courses, donated blood, took classes.. But that's it.
For the general population, it's largely the same cost for everyone, give or take. But person A might cost the system $1,000 a year in routine visits and maybe a specialist visit. While Person B could cost the system $80,000 because they smoke, are fat, or refuse to get checkups that could prevent issues down the line.. Shouldn't person A, be rewarded? And wouldn't it further incentivize people to take their health seriously?
Our company...that is a healthcare plan...does this. If you smoke you pay an additional $80/mo surcharge for your insurance, if your spouse smokes it's an additional $80/mo surcharge. There are free smoke cessation classes that if you complete and test out to be smoke free you are refunded all paid surcharges for that calendar year. You, and spouse if covered are required to take an annual physical where you are tested for tobacco use, the default is that you do use if you fail to comply with that requirement. What we pay in premiums is dependent upon our participation in our "Vitality" program which awards points for taking wellness classes, getting annual physicals, maintaining a healthy weight, blood pressure, cholesterol, dental visits, immunizations like flu shots, and for daily physical activity. There are four levels...bronze, silver, gold and platinum and the higher your obtained level, the lower the premium we pay. The difference in premiums between bronze and platinum are pretty substantial...like 40%. The exact difference is dependent upon plan and if it's family or just individual coverage. We also earn cash value for the points we accumulate in the program that can be exchanged for items like Amazon gift cards, Garmin fitness monitors, etc.
I'll say that despite what I view as quite generous incentives to stay healthy, it's amazing how many people don't participate in the program. About half never do enough to move out of a bronze category...and it doesn't take much to move from bronze to silver.
While I agree with the premise you suggest regarding things like tobacco use what we have seen in practice what happens is that the idea expands to include "risky behaviors" like motorcycling, snow skiing, marathons, triathlons, extreme sports, etc.
Lastly...while sounds good and reasonable that people who partake in behaviors that result in higher healthcare costs to be required to pay more it is impossible to get away from the fact that we all use the same healthcare system and that healthcare is going to be delivered to all regardless of ability to pay. If you show up at the ER, you're going to be served. Hospitals and providers all do billions of $$$ of charity care every year but we all pay the cost of that charity care. The higher the cost to the consumer, the more that are forced to seek care in our ERs...that drive up the costs that are shifted to the paying consumers. The other option is to shut down those ERs.
Unless you are willing to take the step to deny care to those who cannot pay you can never insulate yourself or any risk group from the costs of those unable to pay for healthcare.